Contribuições das tecnologias educativas para promoção da amamentação: revisão integrativa / Contributions of educational technologies to the promotion of breastfeeding: integrative review

Objetivo: Analisar na literatura as contribuições das tecnologias educativas para a promoção da amamentação. Métodos: Revisão integrativa, com busca e seleção nas bases de dados CINAHL, Medline/PubMed, BDENF, Scopus e LILACS. Utilizaram-se os descritores Período Pós-parto; Tecnologias; Tecnologia Educacional; Aleitamento Materno; Enfermagem. Identificaram-se 1256 publicações que ao aplicar os critérios de elegibilidade resultaram na inclusão de 17 estudos primários, publicados nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, sem recorte temporal. A extração de dados foi realizada por meio de um instrumento validado e adaptado conforme variáveis de interesse. Resultados: A busca pela avaliação e implementação de tecnologias educacionais voltadas para promoção da amamentação levou ao desenvolvimento de ferramentas facilitadoras do processo de cuidado para capacitação profissional e apoio, suporte e orientação aos pais e familiares. Nesse sentido, foram identificados diferentes recursos tecnológicos que contribuíram para o aprimoramento do conhecimento e de habilidades, assim como maior segurança materna e infantil. Conclusão: As tecnologias educacionais constituem métodos promissores e revolucionários para o desenvolvimento das práticas de cuidados, como a amamentação, representando ferramenta de apoio aos profissionais, pacientes e familiares por permitir a troca de informações, monitoramento de casos e ganho de conhecimento. Descritores: Período Pós-parto; Tecnologias; Tecnologia Educacional; Aleitamento Materno; Enfermagem.

Objective: To analyze the contributions of educational technologies to the promotion of breastfeeding in the literature.Methods: Integrative review, with search and selection in CINAHL, MEDLINE/PubMed, BDENF, Scopus and LILACS databases. The descriptors Postpartum Period; Technologies; Educational Technology; Breastfeeding; and Nursing were used. It was identified 1256 publications that when applying the eligibility criteria resulted in the inclusion of 17 primary studies, published in Portuguese, English and Spanish, without time frame. Data extraction was performed using a validated instrument and adapted according to variables of interest. Results: The search for the evaluation and implementation of educational technologies aimed at promoting breastfeeding led to the development of tools that facilitate the care process for professional training and support, and support and guidance to parents and family members. In this sense, different technological resources were identified that contributed to the improvement of knowledge and skills, as well as greater maternal and child safety.Conclusion: Educational technologies are promising and revolutionary methods for the development of care practices, such as breastfeeding, representing a tool to support professionals, patients and families by allowing the exchange of information, monitoring cases and gaining knowledge. Descriptors: Postpartum period; Technologies; Educational technology; Breastfeeding; Nursing.

ß-Estradiol and progesterone enhance biofilm development and persister cell formation in monospecies and microcosms biofilms derived from vulvovaginal candidiasis.

The present study aimed to: (1) evaluate the influence of the steroid hormones (SH) on biofilm development; (2) investigate the formation of persister cells (PC) in biofilms; and (3) investigate the influence of SH on PC formation. Biofilms were derived from vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) samples and evaluated by three models: microcosm biofilms grown in Vaginal Fluid Simulator Medium (MiB-VFSM); monospecies biofilms grown in VFSM (MoB-VFSM) and RPMI media (MoB-RPMI). SH altered cell counting and biomass of biofilms grown in VSFM; MoB-RPMI were negatively affected by SH. SH stimulated the formation of PC in MiB-VFSM but not MoB-VFSM; MoB-RPMI showed a lower number of PC in the presence of SH. The results showed that SH altered the dynamics of biofilm formation and development, depending on the study model. The data suggest the influence of hormones on the physiology of Candida biofilms and reinforce the importance of PC in the pathogenesis of VVC.

Measures to Contain the Transmission of Hepatitis C in a Chronic Kidney Care Hospital Unit in the Triângulo Mineiro in Brazil: A Case Study.

Objectives: Hepatitis C virus elimination is complex. The objective was to analyze measures to eliminate virus transmission in a hemodialysis unit. Methods: Case study composed of multiple units of analysis. The scenario is the hemodialysis unit of a Brazilian public hospital. Population composed of health service records. Descriptive analyzes were performed and the beginning of the event was considered as the moment of increased incidence of HCV. The intentional and purposeful collection of information for understanding the event and implementing interventions. Results: The subunits of analysis were related to: clinical-epidemiological profile, active search, transmission routes, management protocol and results achieved. In August 2019, out of 45 patients, six were reactive for anti-HCV. All received treatment. Patients had exposure to contaminated medical equipment, objects or hands of professionals. Preventive measures were adopted and routine techniques were corrected. Situational Analysis Committee guided the management of the event. No new cases were detected. Conclusions: Strategies for the microelimination of the C virus in a dialysis environment are demonstrated and it shows the multidisciplinary efforts in conducting the event.

Promethazine inhibits efflux, enhances antifungal susceptibility and disrupts biofilm structure and functioning in Trichosporon.

Trichosporon spp. are emerging opportunistic fungi associated with invasive infections, especially in patients with haematological malignancies. The present study investigated the in vitro inhibition of efflux pumps by promethazine (PMZ) as a strategy to control T. asahii and T. inkin. Planktonic cells were evaluated for antifungal susceptibility to PMZ, as well as inhibition of efflux. The effect of PMZ was also studied in Trichosporon biofilms. PMZ inhibited T. asahii and T. inkin planktonic cells at concentrations ranging from 32 to 256 µg ml-1. Subinhibitory concentrations of PMZ inhibited efflux activity in Trichosporon. Biofilms were completely eradicated by PMZ. PMZ potentiated the action of antifungals, affected the morphology, changed the amount of carbohydrates and proteins and reduced the amount of persister cells inside biofilms. The results showed indirect evidences of the occurrence of efflux pumps in Trichosporon and opens a perspective for the use of this target in the control of trichosporonosis.

Malassezia spp. and Candida spp. from patients with psoriasis exhibit reduced susceptibility to antifungals.

INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects over 125 million people worldwide. Many studies have shown the importance of the microbiome for psoriasis exacerbation. AIM: Explore the fungal load and species composition of cultivable yeasts on the skin of psoriatic patients (PP) and healthy volunteers living in a tropical area and evaluate the susceptibility to antifungals. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study with 61 participants (35 patients and 26 healthy controls) was performed during August 2018 and May 2019. Clinical data were collected from patient interviewing and/or medical records review. Samples were collected by swabbing in up to five anatomic sites. Suggestive yeast colonies were counted and further identified by phenotypical tests, PCR-REA, and/or MALDI-TOF. Susceptibility of Malassezia spp. and Candida spp. to azoles, terbinafine, and amphotericin B was evaluated by broth microdilution. RESULTS: Nearly 50% of the patients had moderate to severe psoriasis, and plaque-type psoriasis was the most common clinical form. Yeast colonies count was significantly more abundant among PP than healthy controls. Malassezia and Candida were the most abundant genus detected in all participants. Higher MIC values for ketoconazole and terbinafine were observed in Malassezia strains obtained from PP. Approximately 42% of Candida isolates from PP showed resistance to itraconazole in contrast to 12.5% of isolates from healthy controls. MIC values for fluconazole and amphotericin B were significantly different among Candida isolates from PP and healthy individuals. CONCLUSION: This study showed that Malassezia and Candida strains from PP presented higher MIC values to widespread antifungal drugs than healthy individuals.

A identificação segura como etapa do cuidado de qualidade: indicadores em uma maternidade nordestina / Safe identification as a stage of quality care: indicators in a northeastern maternity hospital / La identificación salvaguardia como una etapa de cuidado de calidad: indicadores en maternidad nortética

Estudo objetivou analisar a adesão ao protocolo de identificação segura, por meio do uso de pulseiras padronizadas, em uma maternidade-escola nordestina. Pesquisa retrospectiva, descritiva e transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, com dados relativos aos anos de 2018 a 2021. Foram realizadas 7115 verificações de presença de pulseira, sendo consideradas válidas apenas aquelas com dados do paciente corretos e legíveis. Observou- se que, em todo o período a proporção de pacientes com pulseiras padronizadas foi de 91,1%, sendo 2018 o ano com a maior taxa e 2019 a menor, com 94,1% e 88%, respectivamente. Verificou-se ainda que paciente neonatos tem taxa maior que pacientes adultas, sendo 93,1% e 89,1%, respectivamente em todos o período. Visto que ao longo dos anos essas taxas oscilam, a instituição deve sempre reforçar a adesão ao uso das pulseiras de identificação levando em consideração a checagem dos dados, legibilidade, localização e estado da pulseira antes de todo cuidado prestado ao paciente.

Study aimed to analyze adherence to the protocol of safe identification, through the use of standardized bracelets, in a northeastern maternity school. Retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional research, with data for the years 2018 to 2021. 7115 bracelet presence checks were performed, and only those with correct and readable patient data were considered valid. It was observed that, throughout the period, the proportion of patients with standardized bracelets was 91.1%, with 2018 being the year with the highest rate and 2019 the lowest, with 94.1% and 88%, respectively. It was also found that neonatal patients have a higher rate than adult patients, being 93.1% and 89.1%, respectively, in all the period. Since over the years these rates oscillate, the institution must always reinforce adherence to the use of the identification bracelets taking into consideration the data check, readability, location and condition of the bracelet before all care given to the patient.

objetivo del estudio de analizar la adhesión al protocolo para la identificación segura, mediante el uso de brazaletes estandarizados, en una escuela de maternidad en el noreste. enfoque retrospectivo, descriptivo e intersectorial con datos para los años 2018 a 2021. Se realizaron 7115 controles de presencia de pulsera y sólo se consideraron válidos aquellos con datos correctos y legibles del paciente. Se observó que a lo largo del período la proporción de pacientes con pulsera estándar fue del 91,1%, siendo 2018 el año con mayor tasa y 2019 el más bajo, con 94,1% y 88% respectivamente. También se verificó que los pacientes neonatos tienen una tasa más alta que los adultos, de los cuales el 93,1% y el 89,1%, respectivamente, durante todo el período. Dado que estas tasas han fluctuado a lo largo de los años, la institución debe reforzar siempre su adhesión al uso de bandas de identificación, teniendo en cuenta el control de los datos, la legibilidad, la localización y el estado de la pulsera antes de toda la atención que se le preste.

Heterologous extracellular DNA facilitates the development of Trichosporon asahii and T. inkin biofilms and enhances their tolerance to antifungals.

Trichosporon asahii and T. inkin are emergent agents of deep-seated and disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients. The present study aimed to investigate the role of extracellular DNA (eDNA) and the enzyme deoxyribonuclease (DNase) on the structure of T. asahii and T. inkin biofilms, as well as to examine their effect on the susceptibility to antifungals. Biofilms reached maturity at 48 h; eDNA concentration in the supernatant increased over time (6 < 24 h < 48h). Exogenous eDNA increased biomass of Trichosporon biofilms at all stages of development, enhanced their tolerance to antifungals and improved their structural complexity. DNase reduced biomass, biovolume and thickness of Trichosporon biofilms, thereby rendering them more susceptibility to voriconazole. The results suggest the relevance of eDNA in the structure and antifungal susceptibility of Trichosporon biofilms and highlight the potential of DNase as adjuvant in biofilm control.

ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED AND HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial infections occur in 43-59% of cirrhotic patients admitted to the intensive care unit with impact in morbidity and mortality. An increase in the frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDRO) and extensively drug-resistant (XDRO) organisms has been described in bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with an adverse impact on survival. OBJECTIVE: To characterize community-acquired (CA), healthcare-associated (HCA), and hospital-acquired (HA) infections in cirrhotic patients and their impact in the occurrence of adverse outcomes. METHODS: This study included all cirrhotic patients admitted in an intensive care unit specialized in liver and gastrointestinal diseases in Brazil between January 2012 and June 2018. Frequency and topography of infections were retrospectively evaluated, as well as the frequency of MDRO and XDRO organisms, and their impact in occurrence of acute kidney injury, hepatorenal syndrome, acute-on-chronic liver failure, sepsis and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 374 infections were observed and classified as CA (22%), HCA (34%) and hospital-acquired (44%). Eighty-nine (54%) episodes of hospital-acquired infections were second infections. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (32%) and urinary tract infection (23%) were the most common infections. Culture-proven infections were positive in 61% of the cases, mainly gram-negative bacteria (73%). Acute kidney injury, hepatorenal syndrome and sepsis were observed, respectively, in 48%, 15% and 53% of the cases. MDRO and XDRO were seen, respectively, in 35% and 16%, mainly in HCA (48% vs 26% in CA infections, P=0.02) and hospital-acquired (58% vs 26% in CA infections, P=0.0009). Adverse outcomes were more frequently observed in subjects with hospital-acquired infections when compared to HCA and CA infections. Hospital-acquired, HCA and second infections were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Hospital-acquired, HCA and second infections are increasingly associated with either MDRO and/or XDRO and are independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Their recognition and proper selection of appropriate empiric antibiotic regimens are important measures to reduce in-hospital mortality.

Análise das infecções relacionadas aos cuidados de saúde e hospitalares nos pacientes cirróticos críticos / Analysis of healthcare associated and hospital acquired infections in critically ill patients with cirrhosis

ABSTRACT Background Bacterial infections occur in 43—59% of cirrhotic patients admitted to the intensive care unit with impact in morbidity and mortality. An increase in the frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDRO) and extensively drug-resistant (XDRO) organisms has been described in bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with an adverse impact on survival. Objective To characterize community-acquired (CA), healthcare-associated (HCA), and hospital-acquired (HA) infections in cirrhotic patients and their impact in the occurrence of adverse outcomes. Methods This study included all cirrhotic patients admitted in an intensive care unit specialized in liver and gastrointestinal diseases in Brazil between January 2012 and June 2018. Frequency and topography of infections were retrospectively evaluated, as well as the frequency of MDRO and XDRO organisms, and their impact in occurrence of acute kidney injury, hepatorenal syndrome, acute-on-chronic liver failure, sepsis and mortality. Results A total of 374 infections were observed and classified as CA (22%), HCA (34%) and hospital-acquired (44%). Eighty-nine (54%) episodes of hospital-acquired infections were second infections. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (32%) and urinary tract infection (23%) were the most common infections. Culture-proven infections were positive in 61% of the cases, mainly gram-negative bacteria (73%). Acute kidney injury, hepatorenal syndrome and sepsis were observed, respectively, in 48%, 15% and 53% of the cases. MDRO and XDRO were seen, respectively, in 35% and 16%, mainly in HCA (48% vs 26% in CA infections, P=0.02) and hospital-acquired (58% vs 26% in CA infections, P=0.0009). Adverse outcomes were more frequently observed in subjects with hospital-acquired infections when compared to HCA and CA infections. Hospital-acquired, HCA and second infections were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Conclusion Hospital-acquired, HCA and second infections are increasingly associated with either MDRO and/or XDRO and are independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Their recognition and proper selection of appropriate empiric antibiotic regimens are important measures to reduce in-hospital mortality.

RESUMO Contexto As infecções bacterianas ocorrem em 43—59% dos pacientes cirróticos internados em unidade de terapia intensiva com impacto na morbimortalidade. Um aumento na frequência de bactérias multirresistentes e com resistência estendida foi descrito em infecções bacterianas em pacientes cirróticos, com um impacto adverso na sobrevida. Objetivo Caracterizar as infecções adquiridas na comunidade, relacionadas aos cuidados de saúde (RCS) e hospitalares em pacientes cirróticos e seu impacto na ocorrência de desfechos adversos. Métodos Este estudo incluiu todos os pacientes cirróticos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva especializada em doenças hepáticas e gastrointestinais no Brasil entre janeiro de 2012 e junho de 2018. A frequência e topografia das infecções foram avaliadas retrospectivamente, bem como a frequência de bactérias multirresistentes e resistência estendida, e seu impacto na ocorrência de lesão renal aguda, síndrome hepatorrenal, insuficiência hepática crônica agudizada, sepse e mortalidade. Resultados Um total de 374 infecções foram observadas e classificadas como infecções adquiridas na comunidade (22%), RCS (34%) e infecções hospitalares (44%). Oitenta e nove (54%) episódios de infecções hospitalares foram identificadas como segunda infecção. Peritonite bacteriana espontânea (32%) e infecção do trato urinário (23%) foram as infecções mais comuns. As infecções comprovadas por cultura foram positivas em 61% dos casos, principalmente ocasionadas por bactérias gram-negativas (73%). Lesão renal aguda, síndrome hepatorrenal e sepse foram observados respectivamente, em 48%, 15% e 53% dos casos. Bactérias multirresistentes e resistência estendida foram observadas respectivamente, em 35% e 16%, principalmente nos RCS (48% vs 26% em infecções adquiridas na comunidade, P=0,02) e infecções hospitalares (58% vs 26% em infecções adquiridas na comunidade, P=0,0009). Os resultados adversos foram observados com mais frequência em indivíduos com infecções nosocomiais em comparação com infecções relacionadas aos cuidados de saúde e comunitárias. Infecções hospitalares, RCS e ocorrência de uma segunda infecção foram independentemente associadas à mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Conclusão Infecções hospitalares, relacionadas aos cuidados de saúde e reinfecções estão cada vez mais associadas a bactérias multirresistentes e/ou resistência estendida e são preditores independentes de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Seu reconhecimento e seleção adequada de regimes antibióticos empíricos apropriados são medidas importantes para reduzir a mortalidade intra-hospitalar.

Effect of two oral formulations of cannabidiol on responses to emotional stimuli in healthy human volunteers: pharmaceutical vehicle matters

Objective: To compare plasma concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD) following oral administration of two formulations of the drug (powder and dissolved in oil), and to evaluate the effects of these distinct formulations on responses to emotional stimuli in healthy human volunteers. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design, 45 healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to three groups of 15 subjects that received either 150 mg of CBD powder; 150 mg of CBD dissolved in corn oil; or placebo. Blood samples were collected at different times after administration, and a facial emotion recognition task was completed after 150 min. Results: There were no significant differences across groups in the subjective and physiological measures, nor in the facial emotion recognition task. However, groups that received the drug showed statistically significant differences in baseline measures of plasma CBD, with a significantly greater difference in favor of the oil formulation. Conclusion: When administered as a single 150-mg dose, neither formulation of oral CBD altered responses to emotional stimuli in healthy subjects. The oil-based CBD formulation resulted in more rapid achievement of peak plasma level, with an approximate fourfold increase in oral bioavailability.

Effect of two oral formulations of cannabidiol on responses to emotional stimuli in healthy human volunteers: pharmaceutical vehicle matters.

OBJECTIVE: To compare plasma concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD) following oral administration of two formulations of the drug (powder and dissolved in oil), and to evaluate the effects of these distinct formulations on responses to emotional stimuli in healthy human volunteers. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design, 45 healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to three groups of 15 subjects that received either 150 mg of CBD powder; 150 mg of CBD dissolved in corn oil; or placebo. Blood samples were collected at different times after administration, and a facial emotion recognition task was completed after 150 min. RESULTS: There were no significant differences across groups in the subjective and physiological measures, nor in the facial emotion recognition task. However, groups that received the drug showed statistically significant differences in baseline measures of plasma CBD, with a significantly greater difference in favor of the oil formulation. CONCLUSION: When administered as a single 150-mg dose, neither formulation of oral CBD altered responses to emotional stimuli in healthy subjects. The oil-based CBD formulation resulted in more rapid achievement of peak plasma level, with an approximate fourfold increase in oral bioavailability.

Ansiedade e depressão em profissionais de enfermagem de uma maternidade durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Anxiety and depression in nursing professionals of a maternity during the COVID-19 pandemic / Ansiedad y depresión en profesionales de enfermería de una maternidad durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e seus fatores relacionados, entre os profissionais de enfermagem de uma maternidade, durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal, realizado com 189 profissionais de enfermagem de uma maternidade de referência, em Fortaleza-Ceará. A coleta de dados ocorreu durante três meses − de agosto a outubro de 2020 −, e utilizou-se Formulário Sociodemográfico e Clínico e Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão. Os fatores relacionados para depressão ou ansiedade foram determinados pela análise bivariada, por meio do teste qui-quadrado (nominais) e Wilcoxon (numéricas), com significância de p<0,05. Resultados: Estimou-se a prevalência de sintomatologia ansiosa e depressiva em 58,3% e 29,6% dos participantes, respectivamente. Cerca de 53,5% foram afastados por suspeita de COVID-19 e 58%, infectados pelo vírus. Observou-se que os profissionais que atuavam na emergência, clínica obstétrica e Unidade de Terapia Intensiva materna foram os mais expostos ao risco de ter depressão (p=0,01055). Conclusão e implicações para a prática: Alta prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão entre os participantes, independentemente de estarem na linha de frente da pandemia ou não. A situação requer acolhimento às demandas da saúde mental

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms and their related factors among nursing professionals in a maternity hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study carried out with 189 nursing professionals from a reference maternity hospital in Fortaleza-Ceará. Data collection took place over three months, from August to October 2020, using the Sociodemographic and Clinical Form and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Factors related to depression or anxiety were determined by bivariate analysis using the chi-square (nominal) and Wilcoxon (numerical) tests, with a significance of p<0.05. Results: The prevalence of anxious and depressive symptoms was estimated in 58.3% and 29.6% of the participants, respectively. About 53.5% were removed due to suspected COVID-19 and 58% were infected with the virus. It was observed that professionals who worked in the emergency, obstetric clinic and maternal Intensive Care Unit were the most exposed to the risk of having depression (p=0.01055). Conclusion and implications for practice: High prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among participants, regardless of whether they are on the front lines of the pandemic or not. The situation requires meeting the demands of mental health.

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión y sus factores relacionados entre profesionales de enfermería en una maternidad durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal realizado con 189 profesionales de enfermería de una maternidad de referencia en Fortaleza-Ceará. La recolección de datos ocurrió durante tres meses, de agosto a octubre de 2020, utilizando el Formulario Sociodemográfico y Clínico y la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión. Los factores relacionados con la depresión o la ansiedad se determinaron mediante análisis bivariado mediante las pruebas de chi-cuadrado (nominal) y Wilcoxon (numérica), con una significancia de p<0,05. Resultados: La prevalencia de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos se estimó en 58,3% y 29,6% de los participantes, respectivamente. Alrededor del 53,5% fueron retirados por sospecha de COVID-19 y el 58% estaban infectados con el virus. Se observó que los profesionales que actuaban en emergencia, clínica obstétrica y Unidad de Terapia Intensiva materna eran los más expuestos al riesgo de tener depresión (p=0,01055). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: Alta prevalencia de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión entre los participantes, independientemente de si están en la primera línea de la pandemia o no. La situación requiere atender las demandas de salud mental.

Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota against both Candida auris and Candida spp. isolates that cause vulvovaginal candidiasis and are resistant to antifungals.

BACKGROUND: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), the second leading cause of genital infection in women of reproductive age, is caused by yeasts of the genus Candida. Treatment is usually empirical and performed with azoles, which have shown increasing ineffectiveness due to resistance from these species. This therapeutic challenge has led to the search for new treatment strategies. Lactobacillus spp. produce several components with microbicidal effects, such as lactic acid. These species are the main components of a healthy vaginal microbiota and have been used as probiotics. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on both the Candida spp. that cause VVC and on C. auris. METHODS: The microbicidal effects of L. casei Shirota on the main VVC-causing species, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. norvegensis and C. parapsilosis, in addition to C. auris were investigated by counting the Colony-forming Units (CFUs) after cocultivation. The antifungal activity of lactic acid against these Candida strains was assessed using the microtiter broth dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The effects of L. casei Shirota on hyphal and early biofilm formation was measured by optical microscopy. RESULTS: L. casei Shirota showed inhibitory action against all tested Candida spp., ranging from 66.9 to 95.6% inhibition depending on the species. This inhibition is possibly related to the production of lactic acid, since lactic acid has shown microbicidal action against these same Candida spp. at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, which corresponds to half of the normal physiological concentration. In addition, L. casei Shirota was able to reduce the formation of C. albicans hyphae and early biofilms, showing strong anti-Candida effects. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that L. casei Shirota has antifungal activity against the Candida species that cause VVC. L. casei also has microbicidal action against C. auris.

Trichosporon asahii and Trichosporon inkin Biofilms Produce Antifungal-Tolerant Persister Cells.

Persister cells are metabolically inactive dormant cells that lie within microbial biofilms. They are phenotypic variants highly tolerant to antimicrobials and, therefore, associated with recalcitrant infections. In the present study, we investigated if Trichosporon asahii and T. inkin are able to produce persister cells. Trichosporon spp. are ubiquitous fungi, commonly found as commensals of the human skin and gut microbiota, and have been increasingly reported as agents of fungemia in immunocompromised patients. Biofilms derived from clinical strains of T asahii (n=5) and T. inkin (n=7) were formed in flat-bottomed microtiter plates and incubated at 35°C for 48 h, treated with 100 µg/ml amphotericin B (AMB) and incubated at 35°C for additional 24 h. Biofilms were scraped from the wells and persister cells were assayed for susceptibility to AMB. Additionally, we investigated if these persister cells were able to generate new biofilms and studied their ultrastructure and AMB susceptibility. Persister cells were detected in both T asahii and T. inkin biofilms and showed tolerance to high doses of AMB (up to 256 times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration). Persister cells were able to generate biofilms, however they presented reduced biomass and metabolic activity, and reduced tolerance to AMB, in comparison to biofilm growth control. The present study describes the occurrence of persister cells in Trichosporon spp. and suggests their role in the reduced AMB susceptibility of T. asahii and T. inkin biofilms.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis and current perspectives: new risk factors and laboratory diagnosis by using MALDI TOF for identifying species in primary infection and recurrence.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), considered the second cause of genital infection among women, has pathogenic mechanisms still to be elucidated and unknown risk factors. Prevalence studies with laboratory diagnosis (at first diagnosis and recurrence) are uncommon, especially using MALDI TOF, used in this clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory study for evaluating candidiasis, and identifying unknown risk factors. To obtain clinical and epidemiological data, patients were questioned, and there was material collection. Samples collected were identified by using phenotypic and presumptive methods and confirmed by MALDI TOF. This study analyzed 278 patients, divided into symptomatic (n = 173) and asymptomatic (n = 105) groups. Regarding the main candidiasis symptoms (discharge, itching, and burning), only 50.3% of patients described these concomitant symptoms, showing a positive predictive value of 67.8%. Regarding the risk factors investigated, there was a statistical correlation between candidiasis and dairy products, gut transit, contraceptive use, respiratory allergy, and panty liners, describing new risk factors related to intestinal and vaginal dysbiosis. After Candida species analysis and confirmation, the primary prevalence was 80.9% (Candida albicans), 15.2% (non-albicans), 1% (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa), and 1.9% (unidentified species). In recurrence, the prevalence was 66.7% (C. albicans) and 33.3% (non-albicans). The presence of symptoms has low positive predictive value for the diagnosis of candidiasis, even when considering the classic triad of symptoms. Laboratory identification of yeast species is essential for correct treatment, preventing the resistance to antifungals and the high recurrence. In addition, dairy products and bowel habits, both related to intestinal and vaginal dysbiosis, may be associated with VVC.

Vancomycin enhances growth and virulence of Trichosporon spp. planktonic cells and biofilms.

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are important worldwide health problem, affecting the growing population of immunocompromised patients. Although the majority of IFIs are caused by Candida spp., other fungal species have been increasingly recognized as relevant opportunistic pathogens. Trichosporon spp. are members of skin and gut human microbiota. Since 1980's, invasive trichosporonosis has been considered a significant cause of fungemia in patients with hematological malignancies. As prolonged antibiotic therapy is an important risk factor for IFIs, the present study investigated if vancomycin enhances growth and virulence of Trichosporon. Vancomycin was tested against T. inkin (n = 6) and T. asahii (n = 6) clinical strains. Planktonic cells were evaluated for their metabolic activity and virulence against Caenorhabditis elegans. Biofilms were evaluated for metabolic activity, biomass production, amphotericin B tolerance, induction of persister cells, and ultrastructure. Vancomycin stimulated planktonic growth of Trichosporon spp., increased tolerance to AMB, and potentiates virulence against C. elegans. Vancomycin stimulated growth (metabolic activity and biomass) of Trichosporon spp. biofilms during all stages of development. The antibiotic increased the number of persister cells inside Trichosporon biofilms. These cells showed higher tolerance to AMB than persister cells from VAN-free biofilms. Microscopic analysis showed that VAN increased production of extracellular matrix and cells in T. inkin and T. asahii biofilms. These results suggest that antibiotic exposure may have a direct impact on the pathophysiology of opportunistic trichosporonosis in patients at risk. LAY ABSTRACT: This study showed that the vancomycin stimulated Trichosporon growth, induced morphological and physiological changes on their biofilms, and also enhanced their in vivo virulence. Although speculative, the stimulatory effect of vancomycin on fungal cells should be considered in a clinical scenario.

Fixed 30 mCi (1110 MBq) 131I-iodine therapy in autonomously functioning nodules: Single toxic nodule as a predictive factor of success.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a fixed 30 mCi (1110 MBq) 131I-iodine dose for the treatment of hyperthyroidism due to uninodular or multinodular toxic goiter and identify predictors of success. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-nine patients diagnosed with nonautoimmune toxic goiter were treated with a fixed 30 mCi dose of 131I-iodine and were followed at a tertiary service between 2000 and 2016. The therapy was considered successful if the patient reached euthyroidism or hypothyroidism without needing an extra 131I-iodine dose or antithyroid drugs for at least 1 year after the radioiodine therapy (RIT). RESULTS: Patients with a single toxic nodule were younger at diagnosis (52 vs. 63 years; P = 0.007), presented a shorter disease duration until RIT (2 vs. 3.5 years; P = 0.007), smaller total thyroid volume (20 vs. 82 cm3; P = 0.044), and lower pre-RIT thyroid uptake (P = 0.043) than patients with multinodular goiter. No significant difference was seen with antithyroid drug use, thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine level, and follow-up after RIT. After RIT, 47 patients (79.66%) met the success criteria, and 12 (20.33%) remained hyperthyroid. Among the success group, 32 (68.08%) reached euthyroidism, while 31.92% developed hypothyroidism after 1 year. Patients with single toxic nodules who achieved success after RIT presented smaller nodules (2.8 vs. 5.75 cm; P = 0.043), while the pre-RIT thyroid uptake was higher among patients with multinodular toxic goiter who achieved success after RIT (5.5% vs. 1.5%; P = 0.007). A higher success rate was observed among patients with a single toxic nodule than those with a toxic multinodular goiter (92.3% vs. 55%; P = 0.001), and a single toxic nodule presentation was found to be an independent predictor of success (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The fixed 30 mCi 131I-iodine dose was particularly effective in the group of patients with single autonomously functioning nodule rather than the group with multiple nodules. A single toxic nodule was an independent predictor of treatment success.

Tarsal buckling como complicação de correção cirúrgica de ptose congênita / Tarsal buckling as a complication of surgery to treat congenital ptosis

RESUMO O presente trabalho objetivou relatar um caso de tarsal buckling associado a prolapso conjuntival e à inversão de pálpebra superior como complicação da correção cirúrgica de ptose residual. Paciente do sexo feminino, 15 anos, portadora de ptose palpebral residual unilateral em olho direito, secundária à correção parcial da ptose palpebral congênita operada na infância. A segunda abordagem cirúrgica foi realizada com ressecção da aponeurose do músculo levantador da pálpebra superior, que evoluiu com inversão conjuntival da pálpebra superior. A fragilidade estrutural do tarso é a principal hipótese para justificar o tarsal buckling subsequente à cirurgia. Houve resolução completa do tarsal buckling, porém houve também persistência da ptose palpebral. O tarsal buckling é, portanto, uma complicação cirúrgica incomum, que pode ocorrer na correção da ptose palpebral, em que há rotação posterior da metade superior do tarso, fazendo com que este se curve verticalmente sobre seu eixo, favorecendo o prolapso conjuntival. A suspeição diagnóstica e a reabordagem cirúrgica precoce favorecem a resolução da condição e previnem possíveis complicações visuais.

ABSTRACT This paper aimed to report a case of tarsal buckling associated with conjunctival prolapse and upper eyelid inversion as a complication of surgical correction of residual ptosis. A 15-year-old female patient with unilateral residual eyelid ptosis in the right eye, secondary to partial correction of congenital blepharoptosis operated in childhood. The second surgery was performed with resection of the upper eyelid levator muscle aponeurosis, which progressed to conjunctival inversion of the upper eyelid. The structural fragility of the tarsus is the main hypothesis to justify tarsal buckling after surgery. There was complete resolution of tarsal buckling, but persistence of blepharoptosis. Tarsal buckling is an infrequent surgical complication that can occur in correction of blepharoptosis, when there is posterior rotation of the upper half of the tarsus, causing it to curve vertically on its axis and favoring conjunctival prolapse. Establishing diagnosis and early reoperation favor resolution of the condition and avoid possible visual complications.

Assistência dos profissionais de saúde em situação de perda gestacional: revisão integrativa / Asistencia de profesionales de la salud en situación de pérdida del embarazo: revisión integrativa / Assistance provided by health professionals after a stillbirth: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a assistência dos profissionais de saúde em situação de perda gestacional. Método: realizou-se revisão integrativa da literatura, nas bases Lilacs via BVS, CINAHL e Medline via PubMed no mês de outubro de 2020. Incluíram-se estudos primários indexados em bases de dados, publicados nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol, relacionados à temática de investigação e sem delimitação de recorte temporal. Resultados: a revisão abrangeu sete estudos. A análise crítica da revisão levou à organização, à síntese e à discussão dos resultados com os achados da literatura. Conclusão: quanto à assistência dos profissionais de saúde em situação de perda gestacional, observou-se falta de preparo emocional e técnico na assistência prestada às mães, familiares e pessoas próximas envolvidas na perda gestacional, o que reflete falhas na formação profissional acerca da temática. A literatura sinaliza a necessidade da abordagem sobre o tema durante o ensino acadêmico e estímulo a cursos de capacitação.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la asistencia de profesionales de la salud en situaciones de pérdida del embarazo. Método: se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura en las bases de datos Lilacs vía BVS, CINAHL y Medline vía PubMed en octubre de 2020. Se incluyeron estudios primarios indexados en bases de datos, publicados en inglés, portugués y español, relacionados con el tema de investigación y sin delimitación del marco temporal. Resultados: la revisión abarcó siete estudios. El análisis crítico de la revisión condujo a la organización, síntesis y discusión de los resultados con los hallazgos en la literatura. Conclusión: en cuanto a la atención de los profesionales de la salud en situaciones de pérdida del embarazo, hubo una falta de preparación emocional y técnica en la atención brindada a las madres, familiares y personas cercanas involucradas en la pérdida del embarazo, lo que refleja fallas en la formación profesional en el tema. La literatura indica la necesidad de abordar el tema durante la formación académica y fomentar los cursos de formación.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the assistance provided by health professionals after a stillbirth. Method: an integrative literature review was carried out in Lilacs databases via BVS, CINAHL, and Medline via PubMed in October 2020. Primary studies indexed in databases, published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, linked to the research theme, and without a defined time frame were included. Results: the review covered seven studies. The critical analysis of the review led to the organization, synthesis, and discussion of the results with the findings in the literature. Conclusion: concerning the assistance of health professionals after a stillbirth, there was a lack of emotional and technical training in the care provided to mothers, family members, and close people involved in the stillbirth, which reflects failures in professional training on the subject. The literature points to the need to approach the theme throughout academic education and encourage training courses.

Maternidade versus sacrifício: uma análise do efeito moral dos discursos e práticas sobre a maternidade comumente engendrados nos corpos das mulheres / Maternity versus sacrifice: an analysis of the moral effect of the discourses and practices about maternity commonly engendered in the womens bodies / Maternidad versus sacrificio: un análisis del efecto moral de los discursos y prácticas sobre la maternidad comúnmente engendrados en los cuerpos de las mujeres

O presente trabalho parte da análise de uma hashtag disseminado em redes sociais de apoio mútuo entre mães, denominado #menasmain, para refletir sobre alguns lugares-comuns (porém não únicos) na experiência feminina materna: culpa, dívida, fracasso, sacrifício, despotencialização. O artigo pretende demonstrar como se disseminam discursos SOBRE a maternidade e não COM as mulheres-mães, elucidando certo efeito moral dos discursos e práticas sobre a maternidade comumente engendrado nos corpos das mulheres. Com esta narrativa, pretendemos forjar novas políticas acerca de nós mesmas na direção do cuidado de si e entender se as mulheres estão podendo construir, na experiência de se tornarem mães, uma ética que dialogue com o efeito moral dos discursos e práticas em seus corpos, possibilitando-lhes se subjetivarem diferentemente das formas hegemônicas.

The present paper is based on the analysis of a hashtag disseminated through social media used for mutual support by mothers, called #menasmain (something like #badmon), to think about some commonplaces (though not exclusive) in the feminine mother experience: self-blame, debt, failure, sacrifice, depotentialization. The article aims to demonstrate how the discourses disseminated are ABOUT maternity and not WITH female - mothers, elucidating a certain moral effect of the discourses and practices about maternity commonly engendered in the women's bodies. Through this narrative, we intend to forge new politics regarding ourselves towards self-care and understand if women are being able to create, in the experience of becoming a mother, an ethic that communicates with the moral effect of the discourses and practices in their bodies, allowing them different subjetifications from the hegemonic forms.

Este documento se basa en el análisis de un hashtag diseminado en redes sociales de apoyo mutuo entre madres, llamado #menasmain, para reflexionar sobre algunos lugares comunes (pero no únicos) en la experiencia femenina materna: culpa, deuda, fracaso, sacrificio, despotencialización. El artículo tiene como objetivo demostrar cómo se difunden los discursos SOBRE la maternidad y no CON las mujeres-madres, aclarando un cierto efecto moral de los discursos y prácticas sobre la maternidad comúnmente engendrados en los cuerpos de las mujeres. Con esta narrativa, pretendemos forjar nuevas políticas sobre nosotras mismas hacia el cuidado de sí y comprender si las mujeres pueden construir, en la experiencia de convertirse en madres, una ética que dialoga con el efecto moral de los discursos y prácticas en sus cuerpos, permitiéndoles subjetivarse de manera diferente a las formas hegemónicas.